Globalization and neoliberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Globalization and neoliberalism - Essay Example With the Indian neighborhood, they showcase their Indian culture. In particular, the adolescent showcase their Indian American youth culture. Such culture is portrayed as melodic and move to the combination of American hip jump, techno, and reggae with Hindi film music and bhangra. Furthermore, the Indian American youth they utilize Indian style nose rings and bindis to finish their social trimmings. The American Indians Indian body workmanship to finish their Indian American depiction (Maira 33). John Clarke, Stuart Hall, and different scholars having a place with the Birmingham school underscored the American Indians make a novel culture by setting up social ceremonies which support their aggregate character and characterize them as gathering. The gathering embraces and adjusts material items and recognizes them in particular styles which express the collectivity exemplified in customs of relationship and event and development. This can be called custom. Custom is utilized in the feeling of social practice that makes a â€Å"agreement† between suffering social structures and the present circumstance. The Birmingham scholars characterized the second era Indian Americans as a subculture. The last obscured the connection between the social development of youth as a particular class and the formation of a high school showcase (Maira 34). The Birmingham scholars stressed the Indian youth culture depend on customs that oppose the qualities characteristic in the predominant culture or the general demeanor of social force in the public arena in general. The making of a subculture is to follow the individual, financial, and political emergency that American Indian youth are faced as they arrive at adulthood. David (Harvey 25) attests the Maira hypothesis of Neoliberalism. The American Indian youth must get by in the American Environment. To do as such, the American Indian must consent to neoliberalism ideas. Under the idea, the American Indian â€Å"blends† into the American financial condition all together

Essay Genre essays

Paper Genre papers A narrative by definition is as per the Academy Rule 12 of the standards for the Academy Award: a non-anecdotal film. Narratives are films made for the sole motivation behind influence, structured mainly to get the watcher to see the creators perspective or the perspective they are introducing. Narratives frequently have a storyteller who helps the story or is the main impetus for the entire film, however this isn't generally so. Narratives can possess at least one of four general classifications, these are, Journalistic which includes data and examination. Social Comment, narratives which uncover issues inside society. Instructive, which fret about diversion yet principle objective is to educate. Lastly Magazine which as indicated by Film Study Collection: Genres is an assortment of short narratives and newsreel articles remembered for a solitary program with a studio have. The two narratives being focused on in this exposition are both social remark. Bowling for Columbine is a quick paced, in your face narrative that utilizes quick and frequently faulty altering to give a visual barrage of pictures to express what is on its mind. Widely praised executive Michael Moore stuns the watcher into his perspective. He utilizes smaller than usual meetings with individuals related with the subject of firearm brutality, and acts of mass violence, to give the watcher a powerful taste of what Michael Moore is introducing. The narrative gives a virtual buffet of short news cuts, meetings, kid's shows, and mood melodies all described by Michael Moore. The film utilizes juxtaposition as is obvious in a scene where the watcher is stunned with scenes of savagery, demise and executing all set to the Louis Armstrong melody Its a Wonderful World. Michael Moore utilizes exaggeration, and difficult to follow ends to endeavor and uncover the numerous issues of the United States of America, a general public that the documen ... <!

20 Scientific Reasons to Start Meditating Today New Research Shows Meditation Boosts Your Health, Happiness, and Success!

20 Scientific Reasons to Start Meditating Today New Research Shows Meditation Boosts Your Health, Happiness, and Success! As we head on over to 2019, more and more people are opening up to the bountiful benefits that meditation provides them with.To put it simply, meditation is the process of training your mind to refocus your thoughts.With it, you can boost awareness of yourself and your surroundings. It can even aid you in alleviating stress and elevate your concentration.Meditation can also help people develop numerous other beneficial feelings and habits, such as a positive outlook and mood, healthy sleep patterns, higher productivity, self-discipline and a higher tolerance for pain.HERE ARE SOME OF THE BEST BENEFITS THAT COME WITH MEDITATION1.  Lowers Stress Levels The very idea if meditating is to remain calm and get rid of anything that causes immense stress. This is proven in a study involving 3500 adults.Both mental and physical stress lead to aggregated levels of the stress hormone cortisol.This brings out more harmful effects of stress including the release of cytokines, which are chemicals t hat promote inflammation.Such effects not only interfere with our sleep but also cause anxiety and depression, increase blood pressure and promote fatigue and cloudy thinking.An eight-week study, involving a meditation style known as “mindfulness meditation” was proven to reduce the inflammation response caused by stress.Another study involving over 1300 adults showcased how meditation can decrease stress. As seen from this study, the effect was much stronger in those with higher levels of stress.Various research has revealed that meditation may also improve symptoms of stress-induced conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia.  (Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)2.  Reduces Depression A study that involved 400 students (13-20 years old) found that students who followed an in-class mindfulness program were reported to have reduced rates of anxiety, depression, and stress after six months.In addition, the students were less likely to develo p pronounced depression-like symptoms.Another study from the University of California, comprising of people with past depression discovered that mindfulness meditation lowers ruminative thinking and dysfunctional beliefs.Elsewhere, mindfulness meditation was proven to be effective in reducing depression to a similar degree as antidepressant drug therapy.3.  Keeps Anxiety Under Control Less stress equals less anxiety.An eight-week study demonstrated that participants who practiced mindfulness meditation had significantly reduced their levels of anxiety.Other than that, it also symptoms of anxiety disorder including social anxiety, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorders, paranoid thoughts, and panic attacks.Another study caught up with 18 volunteers after three years since they completed their eight-week meditation program.Many of those volunteers were still practicing their regular meditation and had maintained lower levels of anxiety over the long-term.In an even larger study compr ising of 2,499 participants, it revealed that practicing a range of different meditation strategies may lower anxiety levels.For instance, yoga has been proven to help people reduce their anxiety, which is thanks to the benefits from both meditative practice and physical activity.Meditation has also proven to assist office workers from high-pressure work environments to manage their anxiety and stress.This claim is backed by a study in which anxiety in a group of nurses was reduced after following a meditation program.4.  Lowers Panic Disorder SymptomsA research that was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry involved 22 patients who were diagnosed with panic as well as anxiety disorder and were put to 3 months of meditation and relaxation training.In conclusion, 20 of those patients had experienced a substantial decline in the effects of panic and anxiety and the changes were still there at follow-up.5.  Improves Emotional HealthThere are some types of meditation that can lead to a more positive outlook on life and an improved self-image.In fact, a controlled study compared the electrical activities between the minds of those who practiced mindfulness meditation and those who didn’t.Those who meditated showed considerable changes in activity in areas related to optimism and positive thinking.6.  Boosts Self-Awareness Some methods of meditation can help you get a stronger or better understanding of yourself, which in turn can help you grow into the best self you can possibly imagine.Self-inquiry meditation, for instance, effectively helps you develop a better understanding of yourself and how you relate to others around you.Other types of meditation enable you to identify thoughts that may be harmful or self-defeating.In other words, you gain a better awareness of your thought habits so that you may direct them toward more constructive patterns.In a study of 21 women fighting breast cancer, it was found that after taking part in a tai chi program, t heir self-esteem improved more than the ones who got social support sessions.Another study saw 40 senior men and women who, after taking a mindfulness meditation program, had reduced feelings of loneliness when compared to a group that was placed on the wait list for the program.Also, those who practice meditation may develop more creative problem-solving skills.7.  May Lower Age-Related Memory Loss You can make your mind feel young when you make improvements in attention and clarity of thinking.One meditation method to use for this is Kirtan Kriya, which combines a chant or mantra with continuous motion of the fingers to focus thoughts.It improves a person’s ability to perform memory tasks in various stages of age-related memory loss.A review of 12 studies found that several meditation styles increase memory, attention and mental quickness in older volunteers.Besides fending off normal age-related memory loss, meditation has been known to at least partially improve memory in pati ents suffering from dementia.It can even enable us to control stress as well as improve coping in those who care for family members who have dementia.8.  Improves Rapid Memory RecallCatherine Kerr of the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Osher Research Centre reports that mindfulness meditation can enhance numerous mental abilities, including rapid memory recall.9.  Stretches Attention SpanFocused-attention meditation is a good exercise for your attention span in that it strengthens the capability and endurance of your attention.An eight-week mindfulness meditation course, for example, concluded that participants that improved in their ability to reorient and maintain their attention.Another study demonstrated that human resource workers who practiced mindfulness meditation on a daily basis were able to stay focused on a task for much longer.Not only that, but the workers also remembered the details of their tasks much better than those who did not practice meditation.A lso, one review confirmed that meditation could help reverse brain patterns that lead to worrying, mind-wandering and poor attention.As a matter of fact, meditating even for a little while can benefit you. A study determined that four days of meditating could be enough to increase attention span.10.  Helps You Stay Focused in Spite of Distractions A study from Emory University, Atlanta showed that participants that had more experience in meditation displayed increased connectivity within the brain networks that are responsible for controlling attention.These are the kind of neural relationships that lead to the development of cognitive skills such as maintaining consistent attention and abstaining from distractions.What’s more is that these benefits were also observed in a regular state of consciousness during the day.This meditation practice that was examined was focused on breathing.11.  Can Produce Feelings of Kindness Some methods of meditation can bring out positive feelings and actions towards both yourself and others.Metta, also known as the loving-kindness meditation, starts with making kind thoughts and feelings toward yourself.With practice, people will be able to transfer feelings of kindness and forgiveness to others around them, first to their friends, then acquaintances and then finally, their own enemies.There are 22 studies of this type of meditation that have showcased its ability to enhance people’s compassion towards themselves and also on to others.Another study of 100 adults that were randomly assigned to a loving-kindness meditation program found that those benefits were dose-dependent.To be frank, the more effort people put into Metta meditation, the more positive feelings they experienced.A group of studies demonstrated that the positive feelings people generate when they practice Metta meditation reduces their marriage conflict, improves social anxiety and help them manage their anger.These benefits may also come around eventually to those who practice loving-kindness meditation.12.  Increase Grey Matter Concentration in the BrainAn experiment conducted by a group of Harvard neuroscientists where 16 participants were put into an eight-week mindfulness course, using guided meditations and an integration of mindfulness into everyday activities.At the end of the course, MRI scans showed that the grey matter concentration increased in areas of the brain that involved memory and learning, sense of self, regulating emotions, and having perspective.Other studies a larger frontal and hippocampal volumes of grey matter for those who have been a long-term meditation practice.13.  Could Help Prevent Addictions As you continue to meditate, you will develop a mental discipline that might help you break your dependencies toward addictive behaviors by increasing your self-control and awareness of triggers for such behaviors.Various research has shown that meditation might help people increase their willpower, redirect their attention, control their emotions and impulses as well as boost their understanding of the causes behind their addictive behaviors.A study in which 19 recovering alcoholics learned how to meditate found that they were able to control their cravings better as well as craving-related stress.Meditation can also help you manage food cravings.A review of 14 studies documented that mindfulness meditation helped people reduce binge and emotional eating.14.  Help You Control Pain Our understanding of pain is connected to our state of mind and it can go up in stressful situations.One study, in particular, used functional MRI techniques to monitor brain activity in participants who experienced a painful stimulus.Some of those participants had gone through four days of mindfulness meditations training and others did not.In the results, the meditating patients showed an increase in the activity of brain centers that are known to control pain. The patients also reported being less sensitive to pain.A larger study involving 3,500 patients concluded that meditation was associated with lesser complaints of intermittent or chronic pain.Another study that saw patients with terminal diseases had experienced that meditation could help reduce chronic pain at the end of life.In each one of those scenarios, both meditators and non-meditators had experienced the same causes of pain, but the former demonstrated a greater ability to cope with pain and had also experienced a lesser sensation of pain.15.  Improves Information-Processing and Decision-MakingEileen Luders, who is an assistant professor at the UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging as well as her colleagues, found that long-term meditators accumulate larger quantities of gyrification (known as “folding” of the cortex, that enables the brain to process information faster) than those who do not  meditate.Scientists have deduced that gyrification is what helps the brain improve at processing information, form memories, make deci sions and improve attention.16.  Decrease Blood Pressure Meditation also benefits the human body physically by reducing heart strain.Usually, high blood pressure makes it harder for the heart to pump blood over time, which is what leads to a poor heart condition.If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to atherosclerosis, otherwise known as narrowing of the arteries, which results in heart attacks or strokes.A study involving 996 volunteers showed that when they meditated by concentrating on a “silent mantra” which is a repeated, non-vocalized word decreased blood pressure by about five points, on average.This is more effective among older volunteers as well as those who had a higher blood pressure before the study.One review stated that several types of meditation led to similar improvements in blood pressure.Meditation, in part, also appears to control blood pressure by relaxing the nerve muscles that direct heart function, tension in blood vessels and also the “fig ht-or-flight” response that elevates alertness in stressful situations.17.  Fosters CreativityResearch from Leiden University (Netherlands) showed that practicing “open monitoring” meditation (which is monitoring the content of experience from moment-to-moment, non-reactively) has positive effects in divergent thinking and creativity.Those who practiced this method displayed a better performance in a task where they were told to come up with new ideas in a creative manner.18.  Reduces the Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke More people have been reported to die from heart diseases on earth than any other diseases. According to a study that was published in late 2012, a group of 200 high-risk individuals was asked to choose between a health education class that promoted better exercise and diet or take a class on Transcendental Meditation.Over the next five years, researchers who were accompanying the participants found a 48% reduction in the overall risk of heart attack, stroke, and death in those who took the meditation class.The researchers had noted that meditation significantly reduced risks for myocardial infarction, mortality, and stroke in coronary heart disease patients.These changes were linked with lower blood pressure and psychosocial stress factors.19.  Reduces Inflammatory DisordersIn a study that was conducted in Spain and France at the UW-Madison Waisman Center, it says that practicing mindfulness meditation results in a range of molecular and genetic effects on participants.The meditators also showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory genes, which also correlated with faster physical recovery from a stressful situation.20.  Prevents Asthma, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseA research conducted by neuroscientists of the University of Wisconsin-Madison consisted of two groups of people who were exposed to different methods of stress control.One of the groups received training in mindfulness meditation, while the other receiv ed nutritional, music therapy and exercise.In conclusion, it was revealed that mindfulness meditation techniques were more effective in relieving inflammatory symptoms than other methods that promoted well-being.21.  May Help Treat HIV Believe it or not, some meditation techniques can help prevent the development of HIV-AIDs.Lymphocytes, or the CD4 T cells in simpler terms, are what coordinate the activity of the immune system when our body comes under attack.These also happen to be the very cells that are attacked by the devastating HIV that causes AIDS and has affected over 40 million people from around the world.The virus is known for eating our CD4 T cells, which subsequently weakens our immune system.David Creswell, a research scientist at the Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology at UCLA and his colleagues ran an eight-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) meditation program and had compared it to a one-day MBSR control seminar, using an ethnically diverse and stre ssed sample of 48 HIV-positive adults in Los Angeles.Those who participated in this program showed no loss in CD4 T cells, concluding the fact that mindfulness meditation can prevent the weakening of our immune system and prevent the contraction of HIV.22.  It Can Help You Live LongerTelomeres are the cells that are responsible for a human being’s aging process.Even though research is not yet conclusive, there is some data that may suggest that some forms of medication have salutary effects on telomere length, which is done by reducing cognitive stress and stress arousal and increasing positive states of mind and hormonal factors that may promote telomere maintenance.

Should Parents Assume Equal Responsibility When Raising a...

For thousands of years until today, the best way to officially be the partner of someone is through marriage. People have practiced marriage for thousands of years. Many cultures see marriage as the best method to celebrate the love of a couple until death tears them apart. â€Å"Marriage establishes and maintains family, creates and sustains the ties of kinship, and is the basis of community† (Rowe 2). Marriage is a concept bigger than ones happiness and it is the basic for creating a peaceful home for the family. â€Å"This sense of home requires the dynamic participation of both women and men--the women to mother and the men to father--to fulfill the daily roles of teaching, nurturing and protecting children† (Rowe 2). Your parents’ have an†¦show more content†¦PAGE 2 When you are a child, you are weak and consequently you need both of your parents love and support. What happens if one parent does not put the same effort at raising a child? It is ver y possible for the child to lose the side, potentially leading to a family breakdown. It is very essential that both parents share their duties equally. In order for a child to be a psychologically balanced person it is essential to have a powerful relationship with his/her parents and be in a supportive environment. â€Å"Also, parents should have a good communication with their children and listen to them what they say† (Korkmaz 4). It is very important for the children to know that they are being respected, and their thoughts are taken into consideration.† The time children spend with parents is thought to be important for their cognitive and social-emotional development (Erkal, Copur, Dogan, Safak 2).† While, it is true that a mother should give a sense of nurturing to children when they deal with people, the father’s role is inevitable in building the child’s personality. If a child is nurtured only by one parent they may feel far away from th e other parent and may find other dangerous ways to make up for that loss. It is very important that parents have an equal hand in caring for their child. This wouldShow MoreRelatedShould parents assume equal responsibilities when raising a child?1330 Words   |  6 Pageschildren† ( 2). Parents have an obligation to take care for children, so that when they grow up they are able to become a person who is strong enough to support himself. But there are different opinions whether raising a child should be shared equally between parents. One group thinks that it is essential for a child to grow up with the love and care of both parents. Meanwhile, others believe that child raising should be shared in a way that suits the family. While single parents argue that evenRead MoreShould both Parents Take Equal Responsibility in Raising a Children728 Words   |  3 Pagescondition, and they have a lot of responsibilities against themselves and against people who leave around them. Aft er any couple married they start sharing every responsibility in their life and their life became as a farm: the father is farmer and the mother is a land and the children are the seeds and both parents should take care of these seed as they grow. In fact, there is argument in these important issue that is both parents should assume equal responsibility for raising children. However, some peopleRead MoreShared Parenting and Family Law1608 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is your topic? My Topic is Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising a child. shared parenting is a controversial topic in family law. It generally refers to the presumption that children of divorced or separated parents should spend an equal (or almost equal) amount of time with each parent. The concept has largely been promoted by fathers organisations that contend that a childs life is enhanced if both parents continue to be significantly involved in the childs lifeRead MoreA Case for Shared Parenting1644 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿A Case for Shared Parenting As a child of divorced parents growing up the in the nineties in New York City, I was hardly a minority. Approximately half of all kids my age had divorced parents and it generally wasnt considered strange or a big deal. From this pool of divorced kids whose parents had divorced for a variety of reasons, there was one thing they all had in common, as far as I knew, the majority of custody had been granted to the mothers in nearly all of the situations. This has generallyRead MoreThe Expression And Parental Responsibility1443 Words   |  6 Pages The expression â€Å"Parental Responsibility† (PR) marks a revolution in the Children Act 1989, aspiring to alter the parent-child relationship from rights to duties and responsibilities. This terminology justified the House of Lords’ decision in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA where Lord Fraser commented: â€Å"[Parental rights†¦ do not exist for the benefit of the parent†¦ rather to enable the parent to perform his duties towards the child†¦] . In accordance, s3 Children Act 1989 (CA 1989) definedRead MoreFeminism Is A Very Loaded Word886 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition for it. Generally, it is defined as equality between men and women. Women and men should have equality within the house and as mothers and fathers. Children rely much on mothers because of the reproductive labor that is traditionally done by them. As such, they need to be included in such a discussion. Within a household, women and men, mothers and fathers, have different roles and responsibilities, much of which are based on the person’s gender. Typically, women or mothers are â€Å"responsibleRead MoreThe Family Of A Family1373 Words   |  6 PagesA father and a mother provide an atmosphere in which to live, grow, and develop. The family culture is established by the parents and instilled in the children during their upbringing. A healthy family, is a family that follows a set of strong morals, stays loyal to one another, cooperates, and works together to avoid household differences. An environment where there is openness amongst family members is ideal because minds that are open are more liable to preventing any anger that their adolescentsRead MoreSusan Moller Okin s Justice, Gender And The Family1738 Words   |  7 Pagesongoing inequality between the sexes and suggest a different type of solution to Okin’s. Explain and critically evaluate their causal argum ents. Which side has the better causal arguments, Okin or Kay/Shipman? Based on the strength of the argument, should we try Okin’s solution to the problem of workplace inequality or take a different approach? Argue for your view on this issue. In this paper, I will demonstrate, with the use of examples, that the causal factors which keep women of our society fromRead MoreEssay on Private Schools Will Not Fix the American Education System1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthat all members of society should have equal access to education. Also crucial was the notion that a basic common education was essential for a true democracy. This revolutionary system is now in indisputable trouble. Many worry about America’s ability to compete with foreign countries while others address the growing dichotomy between the quality of education in different economic areas. Recent rural shootings have only exasperated the problem, and caused many parents to entirely abandon the publicRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1052 Words   |  5 Pagessome people, it should be a fundamental right for women to control their own bodies. Abortions are one of the many things that everyone has an opinion on. It is one of the most controversial topics anyone will not agree upon. When abortion is discussed, people tend to assume one of two positions: â€Å"pro-life† or â€Å"pro-choice.† Pro-life is the view that the woman should not have the ability to terminate a human life. Pro-choice is the belief that the woman carrying an unborn baby should be given the right

Chapter 1 Apush Notes [Americas History] - 2669 Words

Chapter 1: The New Global World Intro Before the French Natchez people complained that French treated them like slaves Before 1490s Natchez only knew their people 1502: Nicolas de Ovando replaced Columbus as governor of Hispanola His fleet of ships carried Span adventurers/African slaves which created triracial societies 1949-- Columbus unleashed 200 troops w/ 20 on horseback to terrorize the natives b/c he was upset he couldnt govern Also released greyhounds to rip indians to pieces French killed hundreds of Natchez and sold survivors into slavery-- forced to work on sugar plantations The Native American Experience The First Americans 1st movement-- Migrants from Asia crossed 100 mile wide land bridge that connected†¦show more content†¦eritance developed among some eastern Indian peoples Men did not consider wives family No intimacy Religious rituals were centered on the agricultural cycle Tradition-Bound Europe European Peasant Society 1450- most people peasants Lived in small,compact agricultural villages surrounded by open fields Fields were divided inconveniently--cooperative farming Community chooses what crops will be grown Manorial lands Land in exchange for weekly work on a lord’s land--serfdom Used labor in exchange for rent/land Peasant output produced surpluses and created a local market economy The Peasantry Life according to season Agricultural year starts in March Spring: men shave wool--women spin it into yarn June: cut hay and store it for winter food for livestock Summer: easy going Winter: killed extra livestock and smoked/salted meat Cold months: Wove textiles Visited old friends Celebrated winter solstice/christmas More successful conceptions in early summer Rural people die: in January/February --viral disease August/September in epidemics of fly-borne dysentery The Peasants Fate Most peasant-- labor = survival Babies called greedy Girls were not fed as much as boys 1/2 of all peasant children were dead before 21 Malnourishment and disease Without many basic necessities of life the peasants turned to prayer Hierarchy and Authority Princes/Kings: Owned vast tracts of land Forced men into military Lived off of peasantry labor Local nobles:

Life circle theory of saving Free Essays

The life Circle Theory of Saving teaches about the modalities, guidelines, and strategies in which   families, governments, institutions should save, plan and manage their financial assets to span and cut across their entire life time. In the case of a family or household, it posits on how they should manage their financial assets in a transferable manner to cut across different times in their life circle, taking into cognizance the need to save and provide for retirements, as well as their children’s education, buy insurance, among other needs. According to  Ã‚   Zvi, B, Jonathan, T. We will write a custom essay sample on Life circle theory of saving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiillen P. (2004), this also relates to a companies assessment as to what to choose as the default asset allocation for a compulsory retirement saving plan. This theory poses various questions to people and deals with such fundamental issues as to how much of their earned income they should save for the future; how to invest what they save; the type of risk they must provide insurance,   incase of any eventuality; are they to buy a house or rent one; is it better to get a fix rate mortgage or bargain for an adjustable one. As Zvi B. (May 2007) observed, the theory not only concerns families, but government policy makers and firms that provide life circle serves, and even educator who help counsel   the public to make informed choices. LIFE CIRCLE THEORY AND AGGREGATE SAVING IN AN ECONOMY This concept of life circle theory is useful in understanding the aggregate saving in an economy. According to Hayashi, F. (2007), aggregate saving is calculated as average saving for all age brackets in the population of a particular nation. This is expected to be the same or equal to the aggregate savings in the national account. In practical terms, saving is the difference between disposable income and consumption. It therefore goes that if households are able to increase their aggregate savings they will be in a better position to save and plan well for their life circle. Floden, M. (Date not available) defines aggregate saving in a general equilibrium model in an economy, as a situation, â€Å"Where infinitely lived households face volatile income paths, holds a risk-free asset, and face a liquidity constraints†. In any economy, when individual income, or organizational income varies, or differs, then the aggregate equilibrium capital will be larger than when it is constant. He posits further that when income is stochastic, the equilibrium capital stock is always larger than when it is constant. National savings largely depends on the rate of growth and development of national income. However, the purpose of life circle theory is not to provide clear cut answers, instead it is to give a framework for individuals, policy makers and financial planners to provide solutions to the questions posed- as indicated above. The huge variation in household income and in the aggregate savings in the economy will determine how planners (as well as families) will fine tune their advise to suit whatever purpose they want to serve. DEFINITION OF INCOME. The Wikipedia gave various definitions of income, but basically, income, defined in general terms, is the money that is received as a result of normal business activities of an individual; or money received from employment by way of employment by way of salary, wages, tips, as well as profits, dividends from financial investments, as interests, capital gains, or other sources as in social security or premiums. Income also is the money received from labor, services rendered, sale of property or goods or from investment made. There are diverse elaborate definitions of income, but we shall make do with the above definition for the purpose of this paper. PERMANENT INCOME AND LIFE CIRCLE MODELS. In the view of Roberts, S. (date not available), this is a situation where people base their consumption on what they believe to be their regular income. So, they try to maintain a fairly constant and stable standard of living, even though their earnings may vary either on monthly or yearly basis. This happens in a way that their spending pattern are fairly constant irrespective of increases or decreases in their earned income. This hypothesis was developed by Milton   Friedman in 1957. If people perceive that a change in income is temporary, their spending may not change, but if they observe it is permanent, it may vary slightly on the average. DEMOCRAPHIC FUNDAMENTALS   AND FLOW OF SAVING The demographic fundamentals as it relates to flow of savings in life circle theory is based on the premise that young people borrow money, they middle aged class save their money, while the old people (elderly) run down or spend their savings.   Consequently, a nation with large population of middle age will have high savings, especially as people prepare to retire. Concerning the relationship between the demographic fundamentals and the bond marker, when the savings supply is high as a result of the high population of the middle age savings, the price of stocks and bonds falls. Also, when the supply is low, yield equally increases. INTEREST RATE EFFECT ON SAVING AND LIFE CIRCLE MODEL. Naturally, interest rate, which is the rate of the fee paid on borrowed asset, would always adjust to level up with investment and savings. Increase in interest rate affects how much income left for consumption. If the interest rate is increased it means less money for consumption and investment, whereas, it is increased there will be likelihood of slight increase or constant level of consumption and investment. It goes therefore to say that a rise in saving would bring about a fall in interest rate, thereby encouraging investment. Inn life circle theory, the lower the interest rate, the more likely consumption will increase, as well as investment. Both in individuals as well as institutions. According to an extensive review by Modigliani, FF Albert, A. (March 2005), in a world congress of the Economic Society in Barcelona in 1990. In trying to assert a comprehensive and standard evidence on saving and growth in a developing economy, he said that, â€Å"Both growth and demographic structures are powerful predictors of national saving, with little or no role for the level of national income†. WEALTH EFFECT ON LIFE CIRCLE MODEL The level of wealth in an economy bears a simple relation to the length of the retirement span, which is the middle age, the very class that saves money the most. It is also true to say that the consumption of a household is also dependent solely on the present value of their lifetime income. For example, if two investors separately have the same total wealth (monetary wealth) working life, and are equally expectant of some sources of income in their remaining working life, their consumption decisions will be similar or same, not minding their income profile. REEFERENCE 1. Albert, A. Modighiani, F, (March 2005). The Life Circle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implication and Tests. American Economic Review. 53 (1) 55-84. Angus Deaton. â€Å"Research Programme in Development Studies and Center for Health and Wellbeing. Princeton University. www.princeton.edu/ 2. Floden, M.www.ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/hastef/0591.html 3. Hayashi, F. (2007) Understanding Savings: Evidence from the United States and Japan. MA. MIT Press, 55 Haywad Press. Page 305. ISBN-10: 0-262-08255-1 4. Zvi, B. Jonathan T. Willen P. (2004). The Theory of Life- Circle Saving and Investment. Public Policy Discussion Paper. No. 07-3 5. Zvi B. (May 2007) 6. www.wikipedia.com 7.Robert S. Permanent-Income hypothesis,   published in www.wikipedia.org How to cite Life circle theory of saving, Essay examples

Life circle theory of saving Free Essays

The life Circle Theory of Saving teaches about the modalities, guidelines, and strategies in which   families, governments, institutions should save, plan and manage their financial assets to span and cut across their entire life time. In the case of a family or household, it posits on how they should manage their financial assets in a transferable manner to cut across different times in their life circle, taking into cognizance the need to save and provide for retirements, as well as their children’s education, buy insurance, among other needs. According to  Ã‚   Zvi, B, Jonathan, T. We will write a custom essay sample on Life circle theory of saving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wiillen P. (2004), this also relates to a companies assessment as to what to choose as the default asset allocation for a compulsory retirement saving plan. This theory poses various questions to people and deals with such fundamental issues as to how much of their earned income they should save for the future; how to invest what they save; the type of risk they must provide insurance,   incase of any eventuality; are they to buy a house or rent one; is it better to get a fix rate mortgage or bargain for an adjustable one. As Zvi B. (May 2007) observed, the theory not only concerns families, but government policy makers and firms that provide life circle serves, and even educator who help counsel   the public to make informed choices. LIFE CIRCLE THEORY AND AGGREGATE SAVING IN AN ECONOMY This concept of life circle theory is useful in understanding the aggregate saving in an economy. According to Hayashi, F. (2007), aggregate saving is calculated as average saving for all age brackets in the population of a particular nation. This is expected to be the same or equal to the aggregate savings in the national account. In practical terms, saving is the difference between disposable income and consumption. It therefore goes that if households are able to increase their aggregate savings they will be in a better position to save and plan well for their life circle. Floden, M. (Date not available) defines aggregate saving in a general equilibrium model in an economy, as a situation, â€Å"Where infinitely lived households face volatile income paths, holds a risk-free asset, and face a liquidity constraints†. In any economy, when individual income, or organizational income varies, or differs, then the aggregate equilibrium capital will be larger than when it is constant. He posits further that when income is stochastic, the equilibrium capital stock is always larger than when it is constant. National savings largely depends on the rate of growth and development of national income. However, the purpose of life circle theory is not to provide clear cut answers, instead it is to give a framework for individuals, policy makers and financial planners to provide solutions to the questions posed- as indicated above. The huge variation in household income and in the aggregate savings in the economy will determine how planners (as well as families) will fine tune their advise to suit whatever purpose they want to serve. DEFINITION OF INCOME. The Wikipedia gave various definitions of income, but basically, income, defined in general terms, is the money that is received as a result of normal business activities of an individual; or money received from employment by way of employment by way of salary, wages, tips, as well as profits, dividends from financial investments, as interests, capital gains, or other sources as in social security or premiums. Income also is the money received from labor, services rendered, sale of property or goods or from investment made. There are diverse elaborate definitions of income, but we shall make do with the above definition for the purpose of this paper. PERMANENT INCOME AND LIFE CIRCLE MODELS. In the view of Roberts, S. (date not available), this is a situation where people base their consumption on what they believe to be their regular income. So, they try to maintain a fairly constant and stable standard of living, even though their earnings may vary either on monthly or yearly basis. This happens in a way that their spending pattern are fairly constant irrespective of increases or decreases in their earned income. This hypothesis was developed by Milton   Friedman in 1957. If people perceive that a change in income is temporary, their spending may not change, but if they observe it is permanent, it may vary slightly on the average. DEMOCRAPHIC FUNDAMENTALS   AND FLOW OF SAVING The demographic fundamentals as it relates to flow of savings in life circle theory is based on the premise that young people borrow money, they middle aged class save their money, while the old people (elderly) run down or spend their savings.   Consequently, a nation with large population of middle age will have high savings, especially as people prepare to retire. Concerning the relationship between the demographic fundamentals and the bond marker, when the savings supply is high as a result of the high population of the middle age savings, the price of stocks and bonds falls. Also, when the supply is low, yield equally increases. INTEREST RATE EFFECT ON SAVING AND LIFE CIRCLE MODEL. Naturally, interest rate, which is the rate of the fee paid on borrowed asset, would always adjust to level up with investment and savings. Increase in interest rate affects how much income left for consumption. If the interest rate is increased it means less money for consumption and investment, whereas, it is increased there will be likelihood of slight increase or constant level of consumption and investment. It goes therefore to say that a rise in saving would bring about a fall in interest rate, thereby encouraging investment. Inn life circle theory, the lower the interest rate, the more likely consumption will increase, as well as investment. Both in individuals as well as institutions. According to an extensive review by Modigliani, FF Albert, A. (March 2005), in a world congress of the Economic Society in Barcelona in 1990. In trying to assert a comprehensive and standard evidence on saving and growth in a developing economy, he said that, â€Å"Both growth and demographic structures are powerful predictors of national saving, with little or no role for the level of national income†. WEALTH EFFECT ON LIFE CIRCLE MODEL The level of wealth in an economy bears a simple relation to the length of the retirement span, which is the middle age, the very class that saves money the most. It is also true to say that the consumption of a household is also dependent solely on the present value of their lifetime income. For example, if two investors separately have the same total wealth (monetary wealth) working life, and are equally expectant of some sources of income in their remaining working life, their consumption decisions will be similar or same, not minding their income profile. REEFERENCE 1. Albert, A. Modighiani, F, (March 2005). The Life Circle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implication and Tests. American Economic Review. 53 (1) 55-84. Angus Deaton. â€Å"Research Programme in Development Studies and Center for Health and Wellbeing. Princeton University. www.princeton.edu/ 2. Floden, M.www.ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/hastef/0591.html 3. Hayashi, F. (2007) Understanding Savings: Evidence from the United States and Japan. MA. MIT Press, 55 Haywad Press. Page 305. ISBN-10: 0-262-08255-1 4. Zvi, B. Jonathan T. Willen P. (2004). The Theory of Life- Circle Saving and Investment. Public Policy Discussion Paper. No. 07-3 5. Zvi B. (May 2007) 6. www.wikipedia.com 7.Robert S. Permanent-Income hypothesis,   published in www.wikipedia.org How to cite Life circle theory of saving, Essay examples

Maori and Minangkabau

Maori Maori culture is one of the most fascinating indigenous cultures remaining at present. In the first place, it is necessary to note that New Zealand is the only place in the world where population of indigenous people is about 15% of the overall population. However, the fact that made me choose this very culture is that Maori society can be regarded as â€Å"a key critique of evolutionary theory† (qtd. in Walter et al. 275).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Maori and Minangkabau specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maori society developed in a very specific way, which can be regarded as reverse development. Thus, one of the most fascinating facts concerning Maori society is that it â€Å"passed from . hunting, gathering and fishing† to agricultural production and then returned to hunting, fishing, gathering (Walter et al. 275). Moreover, Maori managed to preserve their culture, which is very impo rtant as now people understand that wisdom of their ancestors is important to find solutions to contemporary issues. Thus, knowledge of Maori people can help contemporary people solve some environmental issues as Maori’s experience in agriculture is immense. Maori society became known to Europeans in the middle of the seventeenth century and there is quite a lot of information on these indigenous people. However, apart from considering specific traditions and lifestyles of Maori people, it can be interesting to trace the way they developed. It is especially interesting to understand how they managed to preserve their culture as lots of cultures and societies have disappeared throughout centuries. This understanding can help researchers work out specific strategies to help other indigenous people preserve their traditions. Minangkabau The history of development of Minangkabau people is quite conventional. The history of this society dates back to 1500. First, Minangkabau were involved in hunting, fishing and gathering. Agriculture developed a bit later and became one of the most important sectors of economy. The most important thing about this Minangkabau society is that they managed to preserve the culture. Sumatra â€Å"was integrated in international trade† for a long time (Colombijn 6). Minangkabau could have assimilated long time ago. Rapid development of economy could have contributed to people’s assimilation as they had to accept new ways. However, Minangkabau society still exists. These people managed to adjust their lives to the changing environment, but they also remained faithful to their cultural backgrounds. Minangkabau people have managed to combine their ancestors’ wisdom and new ways of development which were brought by colonialists. It can be interesting to trace the development of this society up to these days. It is important to understand how different Minangkabau people of the twenty-first century are from Minang kabau people who lived in the seventeenth or nineteenth centuries. It can be also interesting to consider relationships between Minangkabau people and colonialists. Notably, every century offered a lot of challenges to Minangkabau people.Advertising Looking for proposal on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the major challenges has been economic development. Therefore, the most interesting periods to consider are 19th and 20th centuries when Minangkabau people had to find their place in the new world of invaders and in the world of rapid technological development. This knowledge can help define major trends in indigenous people’s development. Works Cited Colombijn, Freek. â€Å"A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600-1870.† Modern Asian Studies 39.1 (2005): 1-38. Print. Walter, Richard, Ian Smith and Chris Jacomb. â€Å"Sedentism, Subsistence and Socio-Political Organization in Prehistori c New Zealand.† World Archeology 38.2 (2006): 274-290. Print. This proposal on Maori and Minangkabau was written and submitted by user Kathleen Watts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Political Theories of Locke and Hobbes essays

The Political Theories of Locke and Hobbes essays Political Theories of Locke and Hobbes John Locke influenced Western political thought immensely. He lived during the age of political upheaval, the Glorious Revolution. During this time, the Tories and the Whigs, Englands first two political parties, joined together to rid their country of the tyrannical James II and welcomed as their new co-rulers his daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William. Locke witnessed these events from the Netherlands, where he had fled in 1683 because he foresaw the accession of the absolutist and Catholic-leaning James II. These events greatly influenced his political theories. Throughout his writings, Locke argued that people had the gift of reason. Locke thought they had the natural ability to govern themselves and to look after the well being of society. He wrote, The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which treats everyone equally. Reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind...that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health or possessions. Locke did not believe that God had chosen a group or family of people to rule countries. He rejected the Divine Right, which many kings and queens used to justify their right to rule. Instead, he argued that governments should only operate with the consent of the people they are governing. In this way, Locke supported democracy as a form of government. Locke wrote, We have learned from history we have reason to conclude that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in consent of the people. Governments were formed, according to Locke, to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property. Their rights were absolute, belonging to all the people. Locke also believed that government power should be divided equally into three branches of government so that politicians will not face the ...

How to Distinguish Between a File and a Directory in Perl

How to Distinguish Between a File and a Directory in Perl Lets say youre building a Perl script to traverse a file system and record what it finds. As you open file handles, you need to know if youre dealing with an actual file or with a directory, which you treat differently. You want to glob a directory, so you can continue to recursively parse the filesystem. The quickest way to tell files from directories is to use Perls built-in ​File Test Operators.  Perl has operators you can use to test different aspects of a file. The -f operator is used to identify regular files rather than directories or other types of files. Using the -f File Test Operator #!/usr/bin/perl -w$filename /path/to/your/file.doc;$directoryname /path/to/your/directory;if (-f $filename) {print This is a file.;}if (-d $directoryname) {print This is a directory.; } First, you create two strings: one pointing at a file and one pointing at a directory. Next, test the $filename with the -f operator, which checks to see if something is a file. This will print This is a file. If you try the -f operator on the directory, it doesnt print. Then, do the opposite for the $directoryname and confirm that it is, in fact, a directory. Combine this with a directory glob  to sort out which elements are files and which are directories: #!/usr/bin/perl -wfiles *;foreach $file (files) {if (-f $file) {print This is a file: . $file;}if (-d $file) {print This is a directory: . $file;}}​ A complete list of Perl File Test Operators  is  available online.

Pop and rock music history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pop and rock music history - Essay Example Indeed, Appleseed cast is one of the most creative musical bands in the world. According to the Herald News, the album is described as unique in that, each song on this album induces emotion. The bass work and drum nicely complement the loud and thick guitars to maintain the rhythm of the songs. These are accompanied by true and raw vocals by the experienced singers. Screams are also included to the rich set of instruments, though occasionally some singing is thrown in when suitable. The art work and production of the album is the best ever. As mentioned, the album is also made unique by the emotion created. This makes this album to stand out among the rest. It is inspirational, heartfelt and an emotional music album. In comparison to other bands, The Appleseed Cast has no non-versatile descriptive words, bland choruses and excessive use of the words agony and pain. In simple words, it is a poetry of the young emotions of harsh losses and true love. Appleseed Cast perfectly blend the songs between simple tunes, sad and an emotional flurry of drums and guitars. However, this sometimes happens within the same song. In the song Marigold & Patchwork the lead singer’s voice is rattling yet, perfectly quiet. At the same time the voice is becomes abrasive and can send chills down a person’s spine. On the other hand, the song untitled half, is comprised of almost perfect crescendo of bass, jackhammer drumming, duel guitars and sax. Interestingly, the song Ring Wars deserves time to really understand comprehend the music. It is like Nirvana meets Radio Head. In this song, the lead singer Chris shows in and out voice that mumbles lyrics and also screeches. Their melodies are nice even though not pop. It has soothing instants where singing stops for about 2 minutes into the song. The drum work is amazing as heard the in the last instrumental track. Another song in the album is Marigold & Patchwork. This is an all-time amazing song. It has an

Human Geography Oxford City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Geography Oxford City - Essay Example Tourist and other visitors do their shopping at Covered Market; it is one among the several historic centers in Oxford. The tower has been locating in a strategic place in relation to the landscape of the land and the same applies to St. Mary's the Virgin University Church. The architectures of the time were very considerate in designing view points which are currently being used as centers of interest yet they were built hundred of years back. Below is an aerial view of High Street.Oxford City is ever green; the local government has worked hard to conserve the environment by designing nature walks and parks within the ring road. Nature reserves are over 28 in number both within the City and outside. Some of the major parks are South Parks, University Parks, Rock edge reserves, Shotover Reserve. These show how the citizens of the City together with the City governance have worked hard to maintain the natural environment. Any one tempting to tamper with the natural environment faces h igh charges to be a lesson to others. Here is a photo of the green City. In reference to human geography, Oxford city is a city that has considered it in a great way. The design of the City, as well as the activity that takes place within the City, are all admirable, it can critically be used by scholars to define the meaning of human geography because there are a couple of practical example to the subject. This branch of social science is complicated and without examples, it would be difficult for students to comprehend all it details.

Understanding crowd behaviour

Understanding crowd behaviour There are many vague definitions of the term a crowd one of which is defined as by the Oxford Dictionary() as a large number of people gathered together, usually without orderly arrangement and Le Bon (2006:15) defines a crowd as a gathering of individuals of whatever nationality, profession or sex and whatever be chances that have brought them together. The Oxford Dictionary() also defines behaviour as a manner of behaving or the response of an organism to a stimulus in regards to this literature the stimulus could be the emotions of others, or a shared experience within the crowd, or factors contributing to emotions within individuals in a crowd. Getz (2007:293) states that understanding crowd emotions and behaviour is essential for most events But Crowd management, however, is not simply achieved by attempting to control the audience, but by trying to understand their behaviour and the various factors which can affect this. (HSE, 2009:46) It is also noted in the HSE (2009) that the behaviour of crowds at events is determined by their own personal goals and motivations. This literature review will look at the frameworks behind three theories of crowd behaviour, as it is imperative to understand the psychological behaviour of crowds (Kendall 2008:545). The theories concerned are:- -Classic theories Contagion Theory Convergence Theory -Emergent- Norm Theory It will seek to identify key factors that can change behaviour within crowds and the impacts these can have on outdoor events. The literature underpinning research into crowd behaviour stems from disciplines such as psychology and sociology, with an apparent lack of recent research into crowd behaviours at large outdoor events. Crowd Behaviour Theories It is noted that the two classical theories that are reviewed, are the foundations of what has been formed today, they have evolved over time, but it is provided as an overview of crowd behaviour theories. Contagion Theory There are two key authors of the Group Mind theory, Le bon Freud It is important to recognise that the widely cited works of Gustave Le Bon, from his 1895 book, The Crowd was based on his observations of crowds during the French revolution, and are a long way from the crowds that are experienced today. Le Bon (2006) stated that crowds were protected by the anonymity of crowds and that individual responsibility was discarded, consequently forgetting their normal values and ability to think and to reason. He also assessed that ideas and emotions within the crowd became contagious and spread rapidly. However Reicher (2003:186) suggests that contagion theory is an affect of suggestibility, and that an individual sacrifices personal interest in favour of the collective interest of the crowd It is then understood that Individuals within crowds are more likely to involve themselves in antisocial behaviour as the anonymity provided makes them feel invulnerable, it is this collective behaviour that is understood to be irrational and that individuals will undertake actions within a crowd environment that they would normally resist. Freud believed that the crowd Unlocks the unconscious and that in normal daily situations moral standards are maintained because they are installed in the human psyche as the super ego. However in a crowd situation the leader of the group surpasses the super ego and now controls the unconscious, leading to uncivilised impulses (Hewstone Manstead, 1996:152) Criticisms My understanding of this theory is that it does not identify as to why some crowds become violent and other remain passive. 2. Convergence Theory Convergence theorists such as, Reicher (1984), and McPhail (1991), argue that individuals within a crowd do not loose personal identity, as stated in the contagion theory, but they communicate personal beliefs and values so that the crowds behaviour is that of similar feeling. It is understood that convergence theory is more rational as it focuses on the shared beliefs and emotions within a crowd. It is possible that individual can exploit the protection of being in a crowd to participate in behaviours that would normally be repressed. Criticisms However it does not give way to why individuals in this crowd, who share similar beliefs, behave differently. Emergent-Norm Theory Key Authors identified:- Turner and Killian Turner and Killian (1993) as cited in Kendall (2008:547) concede that crowds are understood to develop their own definition of a situation and therefore establish their own norms -social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in given situations (Sharpe, 2007:508 )that reflect the occasion and provide standards that allow decisions to be made about how people will interact with each other. (Sharpe,2007) Adang et al (2004) identifies that in every crowd you can spot individuals doing such things as initiating chats, shouting directions and in extreme cases initiating violence. FIND THEORY IN TURNER AND KILLIAN Emergent-Norm Theory argues that the appearance of unanimity among the participants in incidents of collective behaviour accompanies the emergence of dominant norms and according to this theory, once a dominant norm emerges group members disagreeing with it keep quiet out of fear of group censure (Aguire et al, 1998) rephrase Analysis of theories Factors of Crowd Behaviour Berlonghi (1995) argues that by simply saying a crowd is a large number of people gathered closely together is a mistake and that it essential to distinguish one individual from another. By being unable to make distinctions about the crowd it leaves crowd control and crowd management ineffective. He also recognises those events that are a success, that never become publicised are they the consequence of effective planning, or simply the result of good luck. Crowd Catalysts It would appear that there are a multitude of factors that can influence behaviours between individuals in a crowd. Berlonghi (1995) has identified factors that may contribute to, or trigger a crowd from being one that is managed to one that needs to be controlled. Operational Circumstances Lack of parking, sold out event, and no show of performers are all examples of factors that can modify a crowds behaviour, an example of how crowd behaviour changed can be identified by The Rage Factor a Rage Against The Machine gig, which took place in Finsbury Park in 2010. Tickets were available by Ballot to celebrate the campaign that got the band to number one the previous Christmas. 180,000 people had applied for tickets with only 40,000 being available. It is reported that several hundred fans scaled the fence. (Gittins, 2010) Reading Festival has been forced to apply for extension to the number of early bird tickets allowing 20,000 people to arrive before the stated start of the event; this was due to an ever-increasing amount of festival goers arriving at the festival entrance prior to the event over the last few years. (Reading Borough Council, 2010) Event Activities Fireworks, video replays, and lasers may provoke actions within the crowd. Performers Action Sexual or violent gestures towards the crowds, Latitude festival 2010 witnessed an attack on the crowd, with Crystal Castles front women appearing to lash out after allegedly being groped by a male fan as she was crowd surfing. The singer repeatedly threw punches into the crowd and subsequently she stormed off stage before the allotted time, with widespread booing from the back of the fields (NME, 2010) The HSE (1999) states that event organisers should be aware of the history of the performers and also the audience which they attract. Spectator factors Anti social behaviour can impact a crowd not just the individual, and is having an impact in how events are being delivered (Connell, 2009). Kemp et al (2007) as cited in Connell (2009) have identified that alcohol and drugs are a major factor in determining crowd behaviour. The Guardian (2010) reported that at T in the Park festival in Kinross-shire, Scotland, there were 2 rapes and an attempted murder. Some festival goers believe a major part of the problem is a changing demographic among those attending, with drinking and drug taking surpassing the music. Security or Police Use of excessive policing, arguments with attendees and abuse of authority can spark aggression within the crowd. It has become increasingly accepted that the outcome of crowd events cannot be explained solely on what crowd members do, but must also address police actions (Adang, 2004). It is usual to use police to control a crowd but this often then leads to confrontation with the police (Argyle, 1992). Man Made Disasters Structural failure can be problematic not just for those directly injured, but by crowd surges fleeing the event. Crowd surges are often reported at both small and large events, and can be catastrophic. Conclusion The primary focus of this review is to understand crowd behaviours and factors which can impact the outcome of a crowds behaviour. Once the variable factor has caused an impact, it is then the individuals within the crowd that will react to the stimulus, and form themselves into the parameters of crowd behaviour that have been outlined by theorists. It is evident that there are factors within all three theories that can be imparted into observations within crowds at music festivals it is possible to envisage actions at outdoor music events that can be explained by these theories, however much of the recent literature simply reiterated these theorists with an apparent lack of observation towards currents trends and attitudes in society. The effects of crowd behaviour within outdoor music events can be catastrophic should event managers not take into consideration the factors that can affect the behaviour of both small and large crowds. If event managers fail to understand individuals within a crowd, and the potential that they have to physically change the dynamics of the crowd around them, they face disastrous consequences. Recommendations In 2010 there were over 450 music festivals alone in the UK (Winterman, 2010) and there has been little research into Anti Social Behaviour at events including the motives of gatecrashers at events attendees attempting to enter events without a ticket and the consequences that such actions can have on crowd safety at events. None of the theories above draw attention to why some crowds are organised and others spontaneous, by looking at the motivations of individuals at music festivals we may begin to further understand anti social behaviour at these events.

A Refutation of the Descent of Man from Apes Essay

Perhaps even before the time of Darwin, man had already started asking himself where he had come from, and somehow the Theory of Divine Creation – that man was rather created as himself and has not descended from any other animal – proved to be rather insufficient as a means to explain his roots. Scientific studies later on proved that there are several homologies shared by man and apes and the question remains as to whether man has indeed descended from this group of primates called apes. However, despite the obvious similarities between the two species, the results of this investigation say otherwise. The Proofs against the Supposed Descent of Man from the Apes The Common Ancestor. It is claimed that â€Å"[humans] didn’t evolve from apes†¦[but that] humans share a common ancestor with modern African apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees† (â€Å"Where We Came From,† 2001). The reason therefore for the similarities and the homologous morphological and anatomical characteristics between humans and apes may not be exactly due to the fact that the first descended from the second but that they could just be of the same ancestor. In a similar way, when you see similarities between two people of different ages, you cannot immediately conclude that the older one has begotten the other but that they could be both siblings. In logic, one can say that just because A looks similar to B, it does not necessarily mean that A has descended or originated from B, although we cannot deny that indeed there is some connection. In short, the claim that humans descended from apes may just have been one speculation or assumption based on morphological evidence, which may prove to be weak. This common ancestor is believed to have â€Å"existed 5 to 8 million years ago [and] shortly thereafter, the species diverged into two separate lineages† (â€Å"Where We Came From,† 2001). There have been claims that â€Å"the [ape or] gorilla lineage branched off 1. 6 to 2. 2 million years earlier than did the human-chimpanzee divergence† (Chen & Li, 2001), making humans even closer to chimpanzees than apes. The term evolutionists have given to this so-called common ancestor of humans and apes is known as â€Å"‘Australopithecus,’ which means ‘South African ape’† (Hasnain, 2009). The theory of the common ancestor has been backed by several studies which stated that either â€Å"mitochondrial DNA† (Ferris, Wilson & Brown, 1983) or the â€Å"extremely close immunological resemblance between the serum albumins of apes and man. † (Sarich & Wilson, 1967) The problem, however, is that it could be that this theory is not that plausible after it was found that â€Å"the beings called Australopithecus in this imaginary scenario fabricated by evolutionists really are apes that became extinct† (Hasnain, 2009). If the Australopithecus had actually not existed, then it could be that man has really descended from apes owing to the homology in their physical structures. Convergent Evolution. The homology in the morphology of humans and apes is, however, not a strong guarantee that the first have descended from the second. It is said that â€Å"the resemblance in the skeleton structure of apes and humans has [always served as] strong evidence for common ancestry† (â€Å"Evolution of Man,† 2010). It is however a poor assumption that similarity means relatedness, which means that â€Å"two species can have homologous anatomy even though they are not related in any way† (â€Å"Evolution of Man,† 2010). This is known as â€Å"convergent evolution. † Convergent evolution teaches one that two species which are distinctly unrelated from each other could have just have developed separately and at times coincidentally produced similarities in morphology. In a similar way, based on pure simple logic, it does not necessarily mean that two people are related just simply because they look similar, even very similar. Menton (2002) states that these similarities may have just been due to â€Å"an incredible run of countless lucky mutational coincidences. † This simply means that it could have been that it is a mere coincidence that humans and apes look alike. Deductive Logic. Robinson (2005) argues that â€Å"If humans evolved from apes, then one would expect that there would be no apes left on earth; all would have evolved into humans. † This statement simply means that since evolution propels a species to change, and if it is true that apes have evolved into humans, then there simply seems no logical explanation as to why several apes nowadays have not evolved into humans. Nevertheless, this claim could be refuted by the theory that certain species of animals may not have evolved because of their ecological niche. This means that certain apes in the jungle may not have evolved into humans due to the fact that the former are arboreal. Conclusion Man has not descended from apes. This is proven by scientifically-based claims that have established the existence of a common ancestor. Another proof is that the evolution of both humans and apes was merely convergent. Lastly, deductive logic disproves it. At this point in time, scientific researches on the evolution of man and apes have not been able to completely shed light on the possibility or impossibility of man’s descent from their primate brothers. Further research is therefore highly recommended. References Chen, F. C. & Li, W. H. (Nov 1985). â€Å"Subliminal messages: Between the devil and the media. † The American Journal of Human Genetics, 6, 444-456. Retrieved May 19, 2010, from the Cell database: http://www. cell. com/AJHG/retrieve/pii/S0002929707640968 â€Å"Evolution of Man – What is it?. † Science. (2010). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the AllAboutScience. org website: http://www. allaboutscience. org/evolution-of-man. htm Ferris, S. D. , Wilson, A. C. , & Brown, W. M. (Apr 1981). â€Å"Evolutionary Tree for Apes and Humans based on Cleavage Maps of Mitochondrial DNA. † Evolution, 78, 2432-2436. Retrieved May 19, 2010, from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America database: http://www. pnas. org/content/78/4/2432. full. pdf+html? sid=768efdca-ce15-463a-959d-dd9fbbf7e9d1 Hasnain. â€Å"Did Men and Apes Come from a Common Ancestor?. † Food for Thought: Thought Provoking Articles. (26 Jan 2009). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the Hasnain’s Life website: http://hasnain. wordpress. com/2009/01/26/did-men-and-apes-come-from-a-common-ancestor/ Menton, D. N. , Ph. D. â€Å"If We Resemble Apes, Does That Mean We Evolved from Apes?. † Origin of Man. (2002). Retrieved May 18, 2010 from the Missouri Association for Creation website: http://www. gennet. org/facts/metro05. html

Research Question And Hypothesis Of Online Peer Mentoring

RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS Problem Statement As seen from the literature, there is a problem with ensuring that resources to further education are delivered to rural high school students. This problem is apparent in the fact that rural high school students cannot benefit from programs like Strive because of their distance from major universities. We want to study this problem further because the low college attendance and graduation rates of rural states like Idaho mean that teens are lacking opportunities to better their living situations, broaden their minds, and greater contribute their talents to society. Research question With this problem in mind, the purpose of the study is to find out whether the use of online peer mentoring in programs such as Strive for College are as effective as in-person peer mentoring, and whether further efforts should be made to allocate resources and time towards online mentoring. The questions to be addressed are as follows: 1. Is the practice of online peer mentoring as effective at getting at risk high school students to go on to higher education as its in-person counterpart? 2. Can students possess a positive relationship with mentor support using online peer mentoring as much as they do with in-person peer mentoring? From what we have learned from the literature, we hypothesize that online mentoring will be as successful as its in-person counterpart and that a positive relationship through online mentoring can be maintained.Show MoreRelatedThe Teacher Assistants Of Canadian International Collage, Ahram Canadian University, Modern And Science Academy Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe research aim: to apply this methods on the teacher assistants of Canadian international collage, ahram Canadian university , modern and science academy . 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The specific focus is upon Generation ‘X’ and the Millennium Generation which are the two primary groups comprising the new workforce. Lawsson R.D. - Identifying and Managing Diversity of Workforce 216 Business Intelligence Journal January OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to complete a research proposal on the comparison of workRead MoreModel Thesis31971 Words   |  128 Pages2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my mother, Beatrice Afua Bobodu, who passed away before I started my doctoral studies. She tirelessly did everything within her power to support me in all aspects of my life, especially in making sure that I was well educated. I wish

Essay on Myth of the Fortunate Fall in John Milton’s...

Myth of the Fortunate Fall in Paradise Lost From this descent / Celestial Virtues rising, will appear / More glorious . . . than from no fall. (ii. 14-16)1These are Satans words to the fallen angels in Paradise Lost. Satan claims that their fall from Heaven will seem like a fortunate fall, in that their new rise to power will actually be more glorious than if they had stayed in Heaven all the while. Can we, as fallen humans, possibly make Satans words our own, even if it is not our own work but Gods that causes our rising; or, if we do claim a fortunate fall, have we been beguiled by Satan to rejoice in our fallen state? While it is common among beguiled critics to claim that Paradise Lost presents the Fall as†¦show more content†¦Worse, as time passes, the scale shall dip farther downward before it can ascend. Sin will reign among men because of the Fall (xii. 285-86). No man or woman shall ever be as good or as fair as Adam and Eve (though this is not necessarily a result of the Fall; iv. 323-24). Michael tells Adam , Since thy original lapse, true liberty/Is lost. Liberty (with political overtones here) is lost because liberty is tied to right reason and depends on reason to moderate the passions. But now that sin is in the world, the passions often eclipse reason. The passions forever after will to servitude reduce/Man till then free (xii. 83-90). Worst of all, the Fall is most fortunate, throughout the entire history of the world, until the final triumph, not for mankind but for Sin and Death, and most of the time for the demons as well (x. 270 ff.). Thou hast achieved our liberty (x. 368), Satans progeny say as they thank him for orchestrating the Fall. What good can there be amongst so much evil? In fact, God makes a point of sending Raphael to Adam and Eve for the express purpose of encouraging obedience and warning against the Fall. Raphael is armed with compelling evidence, too; he explains the results of disobedience for Satan and the fallen angels. Thus mankind should fear to transgress (vi. 906-12; vii. 44-45). What trips up the critics is not that the Fall is evil, however, but that out of such an evil God can bring forth good (i. 163, vii.Show MoreRelatedFall from Grace: Satan as a Spiritually Corrupt Hero in Miltons Paradise Lost2859 Words   |  12 PagesFall From Grace: Satan as a Spiritually Corrupt Hero in Miltons Paradise Lost Can Satan -- a being, so evil that even as an Ethereal being of Heaven, who was cast out of Gods grace - be a hero? John Miltons Satan in Paradise Lost is very much a romanticized character within the epic poem, and there has been much debate since the poems publishing in 1667 over Miltons sentiments and whether Satan is the protagonist or a hero. As an angel in God the Fathers Heaven, Satan rose up with a group